Archive | 2019/08/01

UROCZYSTOŚCI UPAMIĘTNIENIA 76. ROCZNICY POWSTANIA W OBOZIE ZAGŁADY W TREBLINCE

UROCZYSTOŚCI UPAMIĘTNIENIA 76. ROCZNICY POWSTANIA W OBOZIE ZAGŁADY W TREBLINCE

ŻIH


Dyrektor Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego prof. Paweł Śpiewak serdecznie zaprasza na uroczyste obchody 76. rocznicy buntu więźniów obozu śmierci Treblinka II.

2 sierpnia 1943 r. członkom Sonderkommanda udało się wzniecić powstanie w Treblince. Sygnałem do rozpoczęcia akcji była eksplozja granatu rzuconego na barak niemieckich strażników oraz podpalenie cysterny z paliwem. Niedaleko od garażu unosił się słup ognia – wspominał więzień Treblinki, Samuel Willenberg – W szatańskim jakby tańcu płonęły niemieckie baraki. Wyschnięte gałęzie sosny wplecione w płot płonęły jak wąż, który ciągnie za sobą ognisty ogon. Cała Treblinka stanęła w płomieniach. Powstańcy uzbrojeni byli w karabiny odebrane strażnikom oraz siekiery i inne narzędzia, które do tej pory więźniowie używali do przy pracach leśnych. Podpalono część zabudowań, jednak nie udało się zniszczyć komór gazowych i przeciąć linii telefonicznej.

Z około 800 przebywających wówczas w obozie więźniów przez ogrodzenie i okalające obóz zasieki przedostało się najwyżej 300. Za uciekinierami niemal natychmiast ruszyli w pościg Niemcy i ukraińskie oddziały pomocnicze. Jedynie ok. 70 więźniom udało się zbiec i dożyć końca wojny.

W 1943 roku Niemcy, chcąc zatrzeć ślady swojej zbrodni, rozpoczęli palenie wykopywanych z masowych grobów zwłok. Obóz został zlikwidowany w listopadzie 1943 r. Rozebrano wszystkie instalacje i zabudowania, a teren zaorano i obsiano łubinem.

Szacuje się, że od 23 lipca 1942 roku, gdy do Treblinki przyjechał pierwszy transport z Żydami z getta warszawskiego, do listopada następnego roku zginęło tam ok 900 tys. ofiar [1].

[1] Według Dariusza Libionki liczba ofiar to minimum 780–800 tys. [„Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie. Zarys problematyki”, Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, Lublin 2017.]


Na stronie internetowej ŻIH uruchomiliśmy wirtualny spacer po obozie zagłady Treblinka II prowadzący od symbolicznej bramy obozu przez miejsca, w których kiedyś były usytuowane rampa, magazyny, komory gazowe, lazaret i ruszt.

Na portalu Delet jest dostępna lekcja o obozie zagłady Treblinka II  opracowana wspólnie z Fundacją Ochrony Pamięci Obozu Zagłady w Treblince „Pamięć Treblinki.


Uroczystości odbędą się w Muzeum Treblinka. Niemieckim nazistowskim obozie zagłady i obozie pracy (1941–1944) w dniu 2 sierpnia w godzinach11.00–14.00. W muzeum zostanie również zaprezentowana wystawa fotografii terenu obozu wykonanych przez Alana Metnicka połączonych z cytatami z pism Emanuela Ringelbluma.

Program obchodów:

  • 11.00 — główne uroczystości przed pomnikiem w centralnym miejscu pamięci Muzeum Treblinki,
  • 12.00 — otwarcie wystawy czasowej „czy nie wiedzą o tym, że jadą na śmierć?” Cytaty z pism Emanuela Ringelbluma / fotografie Alan Metnick.

Uwaga: istnieje możliwość rezerwacji miejsc w autokarze, wyjazd 2 sierpnia ok. godz. 8.30 sprzed siedziby Instytutu (ul. Tłomackie 3/5, Warszawa). Zainteresowanych prosimy o zgłoszenia na adres rezerwacja@jhi.pl do dnia 30 lipca br. do godz. 16.00.


Wydarzenie dofinansowane ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego w ramach upamiętnienia 75. rocznicy śmierci Emanuela Ringelbluma. 


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On Race Relations, Israel Is Not America

On Race Relations, Israel Is Not America

Baruch Stein


Police guard next to protesters during a demonstration in Jerusalem against the death of 18-year-old Solomon Tekah of Ethiopian descent, after he was shot by an off-duty policeman, July 15, 2019. Photo: Reuters / Ronen Zvulun.

In the summer of 2000, while touring Israel with a group of American teens, I met a group of Ethiopians in the North. They were slightly younger than us, and dressed in clothes one might find in an American inner city. One of them approached me and said in English, “What’s up n****.”

I went to a US public high school in a white middle-class neighborhood, but I estimate that a third of the students were bused in from black communities. Elementary school was about 65 percent white, 25 percent black, and 10 percent other. For middle school, I went to a school where the overwhelming majority of students came from black neighborhoods.

After playing basketball with the Ethiopians that evening in the summer of 2000, it was explained to us that many of them were influenced by American rap, hip-hop, television, and movies because those were the closest cultural match available. Mainstream Israeli culture did not speak to their experience, and they did not have many uniquely Ethiopian-Israeli cultural influences.

The Ethiopian experience, though, should not be compared to that of racial minorities in America.

When I was younger, segregation seemed like ancient history. When you are young, events that took place before you were born often seem irrelevant to your life. Now, when I think about race relations, it occurs to me that segregation existed while my parents were in school. Though our northern city never had formal segregation, when my father went to the same high school that I did, there were no black students. Had he lived in the South, he would have seen Jim Crow segregation, and even in the North, there was discrimination, especially in education, housing, and employment.

The message that was sent to black communities was that American society did not want them.

Many of my classmates graduated college and joined the middle-class. I do not doubt that, for many of them, race and discrimination make life harder, though many of them have overcome that to varying degrees. The problem some of my other classmates face is that they have never been discriminated against in a respectable employment setting because some of them never even got to a respectable employment setting.

Despite the prominence of figures like Colin Powell, Clarence Thomas, and others, some of the students I grew up with entered school having been taught that there was no reason to try, because they had no future, and that society was not going to accept them. Despite the prominence of Barack Obama, Condoleezza Rice, and others, in some places an ethos of hopelessness is still being passed down from parents to children.

The Ethiopian experience in Israel is different. Ethiopians have had significant difficulty, but they were never formally segregated. Unlike African-Americans, they are either immigrants or the children of immigrants — and whereas English-speaking olim come from developed societies, the Ethiopians came from a third-world country, which creates unique challenges.

Some in the immigrant generation still do not speak Hebrew at a conversational level, and many of them have little practical education. Therefore, despite the fact that many Ethiopians are struggling, many of the problems they face do not stem purely from racism. They are legitimate difficulties of modernization and integration that remain, despite significant efforts by Israel, including government-funded housing and education programs that are more extensive than programs offered to other immigrant groups, and are completely unparalleled in the United States.

I do not doubt that discrimination contributes to the Ethiopians’ difficulties, but their progress depends on their own ethos more than it depends on others’ acceptance of them. Mainstream society must work with minorities to prevent the entrenchment of a defeatist ethos, because those sentiments are harmful — both to minority communities and to mainstream society.

Both in the case of African-Americans and in that of Ethiopian-Israelis, riots and harmful rhetoric — like some of what occurred after Solomon Tekah’s death — only harm minorities, contribute to the ethos of hopelessness, and are unacceptable.


Baruch Stein is a writer living in Jerusalem. Previous columns of his have appeared in media outlets in both the US and Israel.


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IDF OFFICER, TWO SOLDIERS INJURED IN EXCHANGE OF FIRE AT THE GAZA BORDER

IDF OFFICER, TWO SOLDIERS INJURED IN EXCHANGE OF FIRE AT THE GAZA BORDER

ANNA AHRONHEIM, ROSSELLA TERCATIN


Smoke rises after an explosion as Palestinians take part in a night protest held along the Gaza side of the border with Israel. (photo credit: REUTERS/AMIR COHEN)

An IDF officer and two soldiers were injured and a Hamas militant killed in an exchange of fire at the border with the Gaza Strip on early Thursday morning, the IDF confirmed. 

According to IDF Spokesperson Brig.-Gen. Ronen Manelis, the initial investigation into the incident has found that the Palestinan was identified by troops at 2am approaching the border fence in the area of Kissufim in southern Israel.

“Normal course of action was taken by troops after an infiltration is detected, an action that occurs a lot,” Manelis said adding “but it is still unclear whether the force that arrived at the scene realized that the suspect was armed.”

The suspect, who was wearing a uniform and was armed with grenades and a Kalashnikov, infiltrated into Israeli territory from the southern edge of the Hamas-run enclave and opened fire towards Golani troops who were deployed to the area moderately injuring an officer. 

According to Manelis the suspect threw at least one grenade towards the force.

Two other soldiers were lightly injured, one by shrapnel and one in his eardrum from his own firing, the IDF spokesperson said. They were evacuated to Soroka hospital in Beer Sheva for medical treatment and their families have been notified.

Shortly after the incident began, additional Golani troops were deployed to the scene and opened fire on the suspect, killing him.

During the incident, the army closed roads near the border and additional forces were sent to protect nearby border communities. An IDF tank also attacked a Hamas position.

“This is a very serious incident,” Manelis told reporters stressing nevertheless that it is believed that the suspect acted alone, independently from Hamas.

The flare-up of violence broke several weeks of relative calm along the normally restive border.

On Wednesday the military completed the largest drill since the last conflict in the coastal enclave,  Operation Protective Edge in 2014, which saw the participation of eight brigade commanders, hundreds of reservists and the participation of air and naval forces.  

During the four-day long drill, key scenarios which the IDF expects to encounter in any future war were practiced including maritime attacks by terror groups in the Strip, evacuation of wounded soldiers, IDF incursions into northern Gaza as well as  attacks on civilian communities and the evacuation of communities along the border.


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