Archive | 2021/10/31

Poczułem, że jestem wewnątrz chasydzkiej rodziny, przebieram się podczas święta Purim i piję szabatowe wino

Chasydzi. Zdjęcie pochodzi z albumu Agnieszki Traczewska ‘A Rekindled World / Wskrzeszony świat’ (Fot. Agnieszka Traczewska)


Poczułem, że jestem wewnątrz chasydzkiej rodziny, przebieram się podczas święta Purim i piję szabatowe wino

Paweł Smoleński


Oglądając te fotografie, mamy poczucie, że jesteśmy wewnątrz chasydzkich rodzin, dzielnic i miejsc świętych.

Oglądam te zdjęcia i wmawiam sobie, że patrzę na świat, który w moim kraju spłonął na rusztach krematoriów. Ale cieszę się, że gdzieś przetrwał: w Nowym Jorku na Williamsburgu, w belgijskiej Antwerpii, w Mea Szarim, w Bnei Brak, w Safedzie w Ziemi Świętej, nawet w odległej Brazylii.

Uchylona zasłona kryjąca chasydów

Prócz rabina Szaloma Stamblera i garści jego owieczek nie ma już u nas prawdziwych chasydów. Lecz wiem, iż nostalgiczna tęsknota za obecnością sztetli to prawda w nieprawdzie, ściema i czysty sentyment. Jerozolimskie Geula, Mea Szarim czy Bnei Brak pod Tel Awiwem to nie uwspółcześniony (telewizja, internet, komórki, bankomaty) obraz Góry Kalwarii, Goraja, Bobowej, Rymanowa czy Tykocina sprzed Zagłady, lecz produkt całkowicie współczesny, ekspansywny (a sztetl był wsobny), narzucający swoje zdanie i wymagający szczególnych przywilejów oraz hołdów jak, nie przymierzając, polski katolicyzm. No i dystans chasydów wobec obcych jest bardzo podobny.

Chasydzi. Zdjęcie pochodzi z albumu Agnieszki Traczewska 'A Rekindled World / Wskrzeszony świat'Chasydzi. Zdjęcie pochodzi z albumu Agnieszki Traczewska ‘A Rekindled World / Wskrzeszony świat’ Fot. Agnieszka Traczewska

Tym bardziej admiruję autorkę albumu fotograficznego „A Rekindled World/Wskrzeszony świat” Agnieszkę Traczewską. Mam bowiem świadomość, jak trudno jej było uchylić zasłonę kryjącą chasydzkie społeczności. Mój niewielki bonus polegał na tym, że jestem mężczyzną, a więc dla ultraortodoksyjnej wspólnoty stanowię mniejsze zagrożenie niż obca kobieta. Przecież kobieta to wiodące na pokuszenie włosy, głos narażający na nieskromne myśli oraz to, co nazywa się „nieczystością”. A i tak częściej wracałem na tarczy niż z tarczą. Traczewska zaś, co widać na jej zdjęciach, odniosła wspaniałą wiktorię.

Oglądając te fotografie, mamy poczucie, że jesteśmy wewnątrz chasydzkich rodzin, dzielnic, miejsc świętych i miast. Uczestniczymy w uroczystościach, świętach i modlitwach. Doznajemy smutku i religijnej ekstazy. Przebieramy się podczas święta Purim, pijemy szabatowe wino, tańczymy i chwalimy śpiewem Najwyższego, pielgrzymujemy do grobów mistyka i autora księgi Zohar Szymona bar Jochaja, jego syna Eleazara oraz dwudziestki innych sławnych rabinów na górze Meron w Galilei.

Chasydzi. Zdjęcie pochodzi z albumu Agnieszki Traczewska 'A Rekindled World / Wskrzeszony świat'Chasydzi. Zdjęcie pochodzi z albumu Agnieszki Traczewska ‘A Rekindled World / Wskrzeszony świat’ Fot. Agnieszka Traczewska

Niektóre ze zdjęć są zadziwiająco intymne: kąpiel niemowlęcia, chasydki wystawiające twarze do słońca na jednej z plaż Florydy, wizyta w szpitalu i modlitwa przy łóżku ciężko chorego albo opalanie pejsów (niektórzy chasydzi wierzą, że nożyczki jako dzieło ludzkich rąk są do ich skracania niedozwolone). Większość opatrzona jest nazwiskami portretowanych osób (spróbujcie przełamać osobność i zawstydzenie chasydów; klęska murowana, a Traczewskiej się udało). Do niektórych dodano bardzo osobiste wyznania bohaterów o świecie, wierze, rodzinie, życiu. Przestrzeganie tradycji – jak mówią chasydzi wysłuchani i sfotografowani przez Traczewską – nadaje prawdziwy sens ich życiu. Inny po prostu nie istnieje.

Chasydzi nie chcą robić za egzotycznie figurki w ludzkim zoologu

„Wskrzeszony świat” to skutek wieloletniej pracy fotografki wśród chasydów, osobistych kontaktów, znajomości, a także delikatności i taktu. Nie bez powodu u wejścia do jerozolimskiej dzielnicy Mea Szarim oraz innych skupisk ultraortodoksów stoją ogromne tablice informacyjne zalecające skromne ubranie (długie spódnice, zakryte ramiona, żadnych spodni u kobiet) i zachowanie; „prosimy o uszanowanie naszego żydowskiego sposobu życia poświęconego Bogu [imienia Stwórcy nie wolno wymawiać, więc Bóg zapisany jest B-g] i Torze”. Niełatwo robić tam zdjęcia i trudno się dziwić. Chasydzi nie chcą – to ich święte prawo – robić za egzotycznie wyglądające figurki w ludzkim zoologu.

Agnieszka Traczewska wystawiała swoje prace od Sao Paulo po Canberrę w Australii, pokazywała zdjęcia w Warszawie i Palm Beach, w Montrealu i Krakowie, w USA, Izraelu, Czechach i Niemczech. Album „Wskrzeszony świat” wydano w Tarnowie (choć po angielsku, polska edycja w przygotowaniu), lecz już doczekał się pochlebnej recenzji w izraelskim dzienniku „Ha’aretz”, jest chwalony przez liderów chasydzkich wspólnot Nowego Jorku. Być może podobnego albumu po prostu nie ma. A z pewnością nie przygotowała czegoś podobnego inna fotografka.



„A rekindled world”, Agnieszka Traczewska, Komitet Opieki nad Zabytkami Kultury Żydowskiej w Tarnowie.

Więcej na agnieszkatraczewska.com

Paweł Smoleński – pisarz, publicysta, reporter „Gazety Wyborczej”


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Iran’s Atrocious Human Rights Record Must Be Addressed Before New Nuclear Talks

Iran’s Atrocious Human Rights Record Must Be Addressed Before New Nuclear Talks

Abigail R. Esman


Protesters demonstrate in Tehran, Iran, on Jan. 11, 2020, in this picture obtained from social media by Reuters.

There were days in a cramped, dark room. There were days and nights at Evin prison, with bright lights and interrogations and little or no sleep. And then there was the injection, a mysterious drug his prison guards shot into Payam Derafshan’s veins, triggering convulsions and seizures that caused him to bite off half his tongue. According to one report, after doctors treated Derafshan, an Iranian human rights attorney, at a nearby hospital, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brought him to a mental institution. According to his lawyers, he was there “subjected to electric shocks, seriously damaging his neurological system and causing him to lose consciousness.”

Records of Derafshan’s torture emerged earlier this month, the latest in a seemingly-endless line of stories of lawyers, journalists, and human rights activists jailed, tortured, and even killed by Iranian state security forces. Worse, most of these savageries were committed with the approval — if not at the command — of the man who is now Iran’s new president, Ebrahim Raisi, the country’s former chief of the judiciary.

Consequently, a group of Iranian exiles filed a claim against Raisi earlier this month in Scotland, calling for him to be held accountable for human rights abuses, including his role in the 1988 massacre of nearly 30,000 political prisoners. The complaint, filed with the Scottish police, sought Raisi’s arrest if he attended the UN Climate Change conference in Glasgow on October 31. (He has since declined to make the trip.) This follows a similar call by Center for Human Rights In Iran founder and director Hadi Ghaemi, that President Biden recognize the ongoing human rights abuses in future policies and relations with Iran.

Now, with Iran agreeing to reenter talks in November aimed at curbing its nuclear ambitions, that call is more urgent than ever.

It isn’t only Iranian human rights activists and journalists who are being tortured and jailed. There are people like Farzaneh Zilabi, sentenced to a year in prison in September for “gathering and collusion” and “insulting the leadership”; or Narges Mohammadi, sentenced in May to 80 lashes and 30 months imprisonment for her involvement with a peaceful sit-in at Evin prison, and for publishing statements against the death penalty.

It is also foreign and dual-nationals who are at risk — people like Iranian-American journalist and anti-hijab activist Masih Alinejad, the recent target of a state-sponsored kidnapping plot; Iranian-American businessman Emad Sharghi, sentenced in January to serve 10 years in prison on charges of spying and espionage; British and German dual-nationals, sentenced to more than ten years in August for “propaganda against the regime”; and various Dutch-Iranians in the Netherlands assassinated in recent years.

This is a reality that the Biden administration should know about. In March, the State Department issued its 2020 report on human rights in the Islamic Republic.

It noted:

numerous reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings; … forced disappearance and torture by government agents, as well as systematic use of arbitrary detention and imprisonment; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; … severe restrictions on free expression, the press, and the internet, including violence, threats of violence, and unjustified arrests and prosecutions against journalists … severe restrictions on religious freedom; … lack of meaningful investigation of and accountability for violence against women; unlawful recruitment of child soldiers by government actors to support the Assad regime in Syria; trafficking in persons; violence against ethnic minorities; crimes involving violence or threats of violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex persons; criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct; significant restrictions on workers’ freedom of association; and the worst forms of child labor.

Those concerns must be addressed, and demands of justice made, if any further negotiations are to take place with Iran as part of efforts to contain its nuclear program. As Ghaemi notes, “the state of civil and political liberties in a country is intricately related to its foreign policies” — and research has also shown that civil and political liberties are equally related to a country’s militancy, likelihood to engage in war, and the stability of its society and government. There can be no stability in the Middle East, no end to the violence in the region, and no certainty of nuclear containment, unless and until Iran ends its barbaric human rights abuses.

The Biden administration must make this a condition to any negotiations in November.


Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT) Senior Fellow Abigail R. Esman is a freelance writer based in New York and the Netherlands. Her new book, Rage: Narcissism, Patriarchy, and the Culture of Terrorism, was published by Potomac Books in October 2020. Follow her at @abigailesman. A version of this article was originally published by SPME.


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What it might take for Saudis to join normalization process – opinion

What it might take for Saudis to join normalization process – opinion

NIMROD GOREN


In a Geneva Initiative poll, Israelis ranked Saudi Arabia and the Palestinians way ahead of other Arab countries on the question of the most valued target for Israel’s next peace agreement.

SAUDI CROWN Prince Mohammed Bin Salman received Abu Dhabi’s Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan upon his arrival to Riyadh, in July. / (photo credit: SAUDI PRESS AGENCY/REUTERS)

In the year since Israel’s signing of normalization agreements with the UAE and Bahrain, and subsequently with Morocco, Israelis have debated repeatedly whether Saudi Arabia would be next in line.

Despite the emerging tourism and business opportunities for Israelis in the Emirates, and the unique Israeli cultural affiliation with Morocco, most Israelis still consider Saudi Arabia the most desirable prize of the normalization process.

Public opinion polls emphasized this in the months after the Abraham Accords. The Israeli Foreign Policy Index of the Mitvim Institute showed that, for Israelis, Saudi Arabia is by far the most important Arab country with which to develop cooperation. And in a Geneva Initiative poll, Israelis ranked Saudi Arabia and the Palestinians way ahead of other Arab countries on the question of the most valued target for Israel’s next peace agreement.

Prior to the 2020 US presidential elections, before Donald Trump departed the White House in January 2021, and before Israel’s latest elections in March 2021, Israel entertained hopes that the Saudis would make a dramatic leap onto the normalization bandwagon.

Reports in November 2020 of a trilateral meeting between prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and US secretary of state Mike Pompeo significantly boosted these hopes and created a sense that an announcement from Riyadh was just a matter of time.

But the hopes failed to materialize, and such a Saudi move has become more distant in recent months. Disagreements regarding Israel among the Saudi royal family received more international attention following the meeting with Netanyahu, the Biden administration is keeping bin Salman at arm’s length over his involvement in the Khashoggi affair, and the Saudis have opened dialogue channels with Iran, reflecting an approach different from Israel’s.

Does this signal an end to the momentum for establishing Israeli-Saudi relations? Not necessarily, but the repeated Saudi declarations linking rapprochement with Israel to progress in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process point to the key for a breakthrough.

The Saudi commitment to the Palestinian issue is not mere lip service. It was reflected in peace initiatives promoted by the Saudis over several decades – King Fahd’s plan 40 years ago (1981), and the Arab Peace Initiative almost 20 years ago (2002).

Netanyahu had hoped that the Saudis would shift direction and display willingness to advance ties with Israel without linking it to the Palestinian issue, but despite some indications suggesting the feasibility of such a move, in the final analysis the Saudis refrained from doing so.
Nonetheless, they did make conciliatory moves toward Israel over the past decade. A series of gradual steps created a new reality in Israeli-Saudi relations, in a manner reminiscent of the gradual forging of Israel-UAE relations over the same time period.

The Saudi measures included security coordination with Israel on Iran; interviews with Saudi and Israeli figures in each other’s media outlets, and positive messages delivered in blogs and on social media; participation of former senior Saudi officials in strategic dialogues and conferences with Israeli counterparts; unofficial delegation visits to Jerusalem and al-Aqsa Mosque; confidence-building measures by religious leaders (including visits to a synagogue abroad and Auschwitz); acknowledgment of the right of Jews to a state and public mentions of the economic potential in relations with Israel; permission for flights to and from Israel to pass through Saudi airspace (initially for Air India and following the Abraham Accords for other carriers); and most recently, the first interstate sports competition (judo) at the Tokyo Olympics.

These steps were measured in scope and extent over the years in accordance with regional developments and domestic Saudi considerations.

While absent public Israeli participation in international events taking place in Saudi Arabia, a feature that was a key element in the UAE’s opening toward Israel, the accumulation of goodwill measures had a routinizing effect on the leadership, public and international community, highlighting the prospects of future Israeli-Saudi links and somewhat lifting the taboo on such relations.

SAUDI ARABIA’S Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in Riyadh in December 2019. (credit: BANDAR ALGALOUD/REUTERS)

THE BREAKTHROUGH in Israel’s relations with the UAE was made possible by an Israeli concession on the Palestinian issue (abandoning the plan to annex territories in the West Bank). A positive Israeli move toward conflict resolution with the Palestinians will also be necessary to enable and legitimize a Saudi decision to join the normalization process and to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.

The upcoming 20th anniversary of the Arab Peace Initiative provides a favorable opportunity for such a development. Preparations to achieve that goal should already begin now.

Many observers perceive the Arab Peace Initiative and other key documents related to the two-state solution presented at the start of the millennium (including US president Bill Clinton’s parameters and the Quartet road map) as outdated and irrelevant. This is due to the far-reaching regional developments that took place over the last two decades, and which are not reflected in these documents – for example, the Arab Spring and its implications, the normalization by Arab states with Israel, and the division between the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The Arab Peace Initiative was updated one time only, and then only partially, when the Arab world accepted in 2013 the principle of land swaps between Israel and a future Palestinian state. Suggestions have been made to the Arab League since then on revising and updating the initiative, but have not been acted upon thus far.

As leader of the original initiative, Saudi Arabia would be well placed to lead its revision. A renewed Arab Peace Initiative can turn out to be an effective incentive for peace, especially if presented as part of a broader international package of incentives for Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking.

This time, given the fabric of public ties between Israel and a growing number of Arab states, which was nonexistent when the Arab Peace Initiative was first proposed at the height of the al-Aqsa Intifada, its renewed version could be formulated in quiet dialogue with the Israeli government. This should ensure a positive Israeli response once the
revised version is published.

The Israeli government need not accept the initiative to the letter, and it would likely not do so, but it could at least welcome the publication of a revised version and express willingness to open a dialogue process regarding it with Arab states.

Saudi Arabia has mostly avoided previous attempts to present the Arab Peace Initiative to Israel, leaving the job to Egypt and Jordan.

However, publication of a revised version of the initiative and the need to explain it to the Israeli public and leadership would provide the Saudis with an opportunity for legitimate discourse with Israel, given its direct affinity to the Palestinian issue.

It would also allow convening a regional summit to discuss the updated initiative, with participation by Israel, the Palestinians and Saudi Arabia.

Success of such a summit and ensuing Israeli willingness to renew a diplomatic process with the Palestinian Authority, aided by skilled diplomatic conduct, may ripen conditions for the establishment of
Israeli-Saudi relations.

Saudi Arabia, which marks its national day this month, is engaged in implementing a new vision for the country toward 2030.

A Saudi move injecting renewed momentum into the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and enabling Israel and Saudi Arabia to start fulfilling the potential of bilateral cooperation would add another dimension to this vision, significant not only for Saudi Arabia, but also for Israel, the Palestinians and the region as a whole.


The writer is the president and founder of MitvimThe Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies. He teaches Middle Eastern studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a faculty affiliate at Syracuse University’s Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration.


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