{"id":75150,"date":"2019-12-14T17:05:54","date_gmt":"2019-12-14T15:05:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/?p=75150"},"modified":"2019-12-14T15:05:23","modified_gmt":"2019-12-14T13:05:23","slug":"21-05-49","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/?p=75150","title":{"rendered":"A history of the Black Hebrew Israelites"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>A history of the Black Hebrew Israelites<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

ILANIT CHERNICK<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Jersey City shooter 47-year-old David Anderson was found to have ties to the movement<\/strong><\/p>\n

Emergency personnel and investigators work at the scene the day after an hours-long gun battle with two men around a kosher market in Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S., December 11, 2019.<\/em><\/span>
\n(photo credit: REUTERS\/LLOYD MITCHELL)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Fuelled by anti-Jewish and anti-law enforcement sentiments, 47-year-old David Anderson and 50-year-old Francine Graham murdered a police officer and three members of the Jersey City Jewish community during a targeted shooting attack on Tuesday night.<\/span><\/p>\n

During a news conference on Thursday,New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir S. Grewa confirmed this, \u201cWe believe the suspects held views that reflected hatred of the Jewish people, as well as the hatred of law enforcement.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

According to The New York Times, Anderson allegedly had ties to the Black Hebrew Israelite movement, although the strength of these ties is still unclear.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Black Hebrew Israelites have a long and interesting history in the United States, but it needs to be made clear that today there are numerous streams of the movement and it is only a small fraction that have extreme views.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Jacob Dorman, an associate professor at the Department of History and Core Humanities Program at The University of Nevada in Reno, the movement was born in the 1890s \u201cand its first wave came out of the Holiness movement,\u201d which he explained was mainly based on the Frontier.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dorman told The Jerusalem Post that these groups \u201d’reverse engineered’ Judaism from the Hebrew Bible, following a strain of biblical literalism found in the spirit-filled Holiness church.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

He made it clear that they focused on the Old Testament and its biblical literalism like certain dietary laws and customs, but it doesn\u2019t include the Talmud.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe also had a deep fascination with the Exodus narrative in African-American religion, freemasonry, and the Anglo-Israelite movement,\u201d he continued. \u201cIt was initially an interracial movement and one of the most influential bishops [at the time] was white, but it became a majority black movement.<\/span><\/p>\n

He said that the second wave of the movement came out of the Harlem Renaissance during the 1920s and the Great Migration, which began in 1916.<\/span>
\n\u201cThe second wave was deeply influenced by Rabbi Arnold Josiah Ford, who was actually from Barbados\u2026 his congregation was based in Harlem for decades,\u201d Droman explained. \u201cHe helped to train rabbis including Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthews,\u201d who was originally from the West Indies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Matthews built up a strong community in New York and \u201calso reached out to leaders of the second generation to help train the third generation.\u201d<\/span>
\nHe believed that African-Americans were of the original Jews, descended from the Lost Tribes. He also trained and ordained rabbis, some of which moved to Chicago.<\/span><\/p>\n

The second wave was deeply influenced by the pan-African philosophy of Marcus Garvey of Jamaica, who was founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.<\/span><\/p>\n

They initially referred to themselves as Black Jews, but it was during the third wave of the movement, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that \u201cthey rejected the label Jew and preferred Israelite,\u201d Dorman said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey also created a form of religion that\u2019s not based on imitating Ashkenazi Judaism but emphasizes the primacy of Black Israelite and it happens during the Black Power movement so there\u2019s a lot of nationalism and emphasis on self-determination and black beauty standards independent of white standards, veganism, and the doctrine that black people have been lied to for centuries about who they are and their true origins and their religious destiny, which is quite central to it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

He made it clear that “only a small fraction” can be extremist or have anti-Jewish views.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere are probably far more Black Jews and Black Israelites who are not antisemitic, hostile or violent,\u201d Dorman concluded.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Israel, there is also a break-off from the movement known as the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, who today live in the southern city of Dimona. However, despite being initially influenced by the original movement, Matthews and later Rabbi Reuben of the Chicago Congregation of Ethiopian Hebrews, in 1966, 27-year-old Ben Ammi Ben-Israel had a vision in which the angel Gabriel appeared to him, telling to take his people to Israel.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Prince Immanuel Ben Yehuda, who sits on the Dimona community\u2019s council, in 1967, Ben-Israel first moved to Liberia with 350 community members from the America\u2019s for two and a half years \u201cto shed the many negative attributes\u201d from life in the city before \u201cwe could return to the Holy Land.<\/span><\/p>\n

But in 1969, only 110 of Ben-Israel\u2019s followers made it to Israel, while 240 had returned to America during their time in Liberia.<\/span>
\nHe stressed that there are a lot of differences between the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem and the Hebrew Israelites in the US, which includes lifestyle and traditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOur young people serve in the IDF and we love the State of Israel and its people,\u201d Ben Yehuda told the Post. \u201cOur young people have been raised to defend this country and its people.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ben Yehuda added that their youth also represents Israel in international forums that include academics and athletics.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asked about his thoughts on the Jersey City shooting, he expressed his deep condolences to the Jewish community following the attack and called on people not to paint the entire African Hebrew Israelite community with one brush.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Just as there are many different streams of Judaism, there are many streams of the African Hebrew Israelite movement,” he stressed. \u201cIt was very painful to witness this – our hearts and prayers are with them.\u201d<\/span>
\n\u201cWe are living in dangerous times around the world,\u201d he added, emphasizing that a change in world leadership is desperately needed to stop \u201cfanning the flames of hatred and division that we are seeing today.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe need new visions and voices for peace,\u201d Ben Yehuda concluded.<\/span><\/p>\n

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A history of the Black Hebrew Israelites ILANIT CHERNICK Jersey City shooter 47-year-old David Anderson was found to have ties to the movement Emergency personnel and investigators work at the scene the day after an hours-long gun battle with two men around a kosher market in Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S., December 11, 2019. (photo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[26,24],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75150"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=75150"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75150\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":75160,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75150\/revisions\/75160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=75150"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=75150"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reunion68.se\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=75150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}