REICHSKRISTALLNACHT (Reichspogromnacht1938), CRYSTAL NIGHT ( Night of November Pogroms 1938 )—Music: JOHNNY CASH—A Man Comes Around

Die Novemberpogrome 1938 — bezogen auf die Nacht vom 9. auf den 10. November 1938, auch (Reichs-)Kristallnacht oder Reichspogromnacht genannt — waren vom nationalsozialistischen Regime organisierte und gelenkte Gewaltmaßnahmen gegen Juden im gesamten Deutschen Reich.
Dabei wurden vom 7. bis 13. November 1938 etwa 400 Menschen ermordet oder in den Selbstmord getrieben. Über 1.400 Synagogen, Betstuben und sonstige Versammlungsräume sowie tausende Geschäfte, Wohnungen und jüdische Friedhöfe wurden zerstört. Ab dem 10. November wurden ungefähr 30.000 Juden in Konzentrationslagern inhaftiert, von denen Hunderte ermordet wurden oder an den Haftfolgen starben.
Die Pogrome markieren den Übergang von der Diskriminierung der deutschen Juden seit 1933 zur systematischen Verfolgung, die knapp drei Jahre später in den Holocaust an den europäischen Juden im Machtbereich der Nationalsozialisten mündete.

Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kʁɪsˈtalnaχt]; English: “Crystal Night”), also referred to as the Night of Broken Glass, or Reichskristallnacht [ˌʁaɪçs.kʁɪsˈtalnaχt], Pogromnacht [poˈɡʁoːmnaχt] ( listen), and November pogrome [noˈvɛmbɐpoɡʁoːmə] ( listen), was a pogrom (a series of coordinated attacks) against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and non-Jewish civilians. German authorities looked on without intervening.The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues had their windows smashed.

At least 91 Jews were killed in the attacks, and 30,000 were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. Jewish homes, hospitals, and schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Over 1,000 synagogues were burned (95 in Vienna alone) and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Martin Gilbert writes that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world. The Times wrote at the time: “No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday.”

The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born Polish Jew resident in Paris. Kristallnacht was followed by additional economic and political persecution of Jews, and is viewed by historians as part of Nazi Germany’s broader racial policy, and the beginning of the Final Solution and The Holocaust.

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Musik: – ”The Man Comes Around” av Johnny Cash (Google Play • iTunes)

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