Archive | September 2019

The Cool Kids

The Cool Kids

Dara Horn


Self-mutilation as a Jewish cultural strategy and the sad history of the Yevsektsiya

‘OZET member! Help transform the Jewish toilers into active builders of the socialist society,’ 1932. A propaganda poster commissioned by the All-Union Association for the Agricultural Settlement of Jewish Workers in the USSR, or OZET. (Photo: Blavatnik Archive)

The teenage boys who played competitive athletics in the gymnasium in Jerusalem 2,100 years ago had their circumcisions reversed, because otherwise they wouldn’t have been allowed to play. In the Hellenistic empire that conquered Judea, sports were sacred, the entry point to being a person who mattered, the ultimate height of cool—and sports, of course, were always played in the nude. As one can imagine, ancient genital surgery of this nature was excruciating and potentially fatal. But the boys did not want to miss out.

I learned this fun fact in seventh grade, from a Hebrew-school teacher who was instructing me and my pubescent classmates about the Hanukkah story—about how Hellenistic tyranny gained a foothold in ancient Judea with the help of Jews who went along for the ride. This teacher seemed overly jazzed to talk about penises with a bunch of adolescents, and I suspected he’d made the whole thing up. At home I pulled a dusty old book off my parents’ shelf, Volume 1 of Heinrich Graetz’s History of the Jews. There I discovered that it was true, and also far worse.

In 19th-century academic prose, Gratz noted the “painful operation” boys underwent “to disguise the fact that they were Judeans.” But then he briskly moved on to an “unscrupulous” Jewish man named Menelaus, whose story was even more perverse. Menelaus, a local power player eager to ingratiate himself with the new regime, offered the tyrant Antiochus 300 talents of gold in exchange for appointing him as the high priest in the Jerusalem Temple. Antiochus agreed, which left Menelaus with the slight problem that he did not actually have 300 talents of gold. Menelaus solved this problem by stealing the Temple’s sacred golden vessels and using them as payment. When his fellow Jews rose up against him in outrage, Menelaus told Antiochus that these Jews were actually working for Antiochus’ Egyptian enemies.

‘Religion is the enemy of workers of all nationalities,’ 1929-1931 (Photo: Blavatnik Archive)

Bad enough, but Menelaus went further. According to Gratz, Menelaus not only falsely accused the Jews of treason in order to protect himself, but also “maligned Judaism; he said that the Law of Moses was replete with hatred of humanity, for it forbade the Jews to take part in the repasts of other nations, or to show any kindness to strangers.” Antiochus responded to the threat by bringing his army to Jerusalem, taking over the Temple, and massacring the Jews. Sometime after that, the Maccabees showed up. That’s the part of the story we usually hear.

The stupid joke about why we celebrate Jewish holidays (“they tried to kill us, they failed, let’s eat”) hides an enormous difference between two of those holidays, which illustrate very different versions of anti-Semitism: Purim and Hanukkah. The distinction could not be more relevant today, as Jews around the world face a rising tide of anti-Semitism whose dynamics are sometimes straightforward and sometimes utterly baffling. As I struggle to understand the weirdness, I find myself returning to dusty old books.

The Purim story from ancient Persia fits well into seventh-grade notions of “prejudice”: Bad guy notices that Jews are different and therefore contaminating the blood-and-soil, so he decides to get rid of them. It resembles what we now consider right-wing anti-Semitism—and it’s the kind that American Jews, descended as many of us are from survivors of Russian Empire pogroms or the Holocaust, have been taught to recognize.

Hanukkah anti-Semitism, which can rear its head on either the right or the left, is something quite different. It doesn’t demand dead or expelled Jews, at least not at first. Instead it demands the destruction of Jewish civilization. This process requires not dead Jews, but Jews who are willing to give up whatever specific aspect of Jewish civilization is deemed to be uncool.

Of course, Judaism has always been uncool, going back to its origins as the planet’s only monotheism, featuring a bossy and unsexy invisible God. Uncoolness is pretty much Judaism’s brand, which is why cool people find it so threatening—and why Jews who are willing to become cool are absolutely necessary to Hanukkah-style anti-Semitism’s success. In the days of Antiochus, this type of anti-Semitism needed those boys who voluntarily underwent painful genital surgery to prove that Jews weren’t the problem—just the barbarity of Jewish law. During the Soviet era, it needed proud internationalists to prove that Jews weren’t the problem, just the repulsive chauvinism of Jewish national identity—including what we now call Zionism.

The Soviets actually went one better. In 1918, they created an entire branch of their government solely for cool Jews, whose paid job was to persecute the uncool ones. This was called the Yevsektsiya, or the Jewish Sections of the Communist Party, and in their brief and bloody lifespan, one finds the origins of today’s supposedly novel concept: Jews who are of course not anti-Semitic (how could they be? they’re Jews!), but simply anti-Zionist. In the course of not being anti-Semitic and being simply anti-Zionist, the Yevsektsiya managed to persecute, imprison, torture, and murder thousands of Jews, until their leaders were themselves purged.

Yevsektsiya-style anti-Semitism, or Hannukah-style anti-Semitism, always promises Jews a kind of nobility, offering them the opportunity to cleanse themselves of whatever the people around them happen to find revolting. The Jewish traits designated as repulsive vary by country and time period, but they invariably contradict the specific values that the surrounding culture has embraced as “universal.”

The reason for this is clear: There is actually nothing “universal” about those particular values, except the insecurity of the societies hoping to enforce them. Not everyone feels it is critical to a well-lived life to play sports in the nude; not everyone believes that Jesus is the son of God; not everyone agrees that authoritarian central planning is the solution to the world’s ills; not everyone thinks that denouncing one’s ties to an ancestral homeland is a sign of virtue. Jewish particularity exposes the arrogance of a society’s self-righteous leaders along with their profound insecurity, their deep fear of any suggestion that there are other ways to be. Those insecure leaders then enlist the help of Jews by promising them a merit badge of universal righteousness. Thanks to Judaism’s inherent uncoolness, there will never be a shortage of Jews willing to comply.

***

As a Yiddish literature scholar, I had encountered the Yevsektsiya as a glum footnote in my studies. But I discovered its details only recently in a fashion similar to my seventh-grade discovery of Menelaus, through a dusty old book—a 1972 volume by the historian Zvi Gitelman, with the ostentatiously boring title Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. It was a history of the Yevsektsiya, and the story it reported in arid academic prose could not have been more bizarre.

The ostensible purpose of the Yevsektsiya was to spread Communist ideology to Russia’s Jewish masses, among whom there were few Bolsheviks in 1917. Russia’s Jewish revolutionaries had mainly been Bundists (socialists), Mensheviks or Trotskyists, who failed to back the winner, Lenin. As for the vaunted Jewish “masses,” most were Yiddish-speakers from small towns, many of which were devastated during World War I. Such people were a suitably desperate proletariat, but the Communist Party needed Yiddish-speaking insiders to help them see the light.

‘We’ll let nobody wreck the Five-Year Plan!,’ 1931 (Photo: Blavatnik Archive)

At first, there were so few Jews among the Bolsheviks that the party had to rely on two Norwegian Jews with dictionaries to create Yiddish-language propaganda. But after the Russian Civil War in 1918-1920 left upwards of 70% of Jews without any regular income, and after the pogroms of that period left upwards of 50,000 Jews dead, Bolshevism at least offered steady government jobs.

Some Jews who joined the Bolsheviks were genuine idealists. Some, after the extreme anti-Semitic violence of the Civil War, may have unconsciously followed the classic strategy of “court Jews,” cultivating ties to the regime as a way of protecting the community—and themselves. And some, aware of the community’s late arrival to Bolshevism, may have wanted to prove that they were even better Communists than everyone else. In any case, as Gitelman’s book put it, “The Jewish sections [Yevsektsiya] betook themselves to the task of destroying the old order with a zest that cannot be explained by enthusiasm for Bolshevism alone.”

Destroy it they did. The Yevsektsiya first eliminated the kehillas, or traditional Jewish community organizations in Russia’s towns and cities, by legally abolishing them. When that didn’t work, they burned kehilla offices down. Russian Jews at the time could be forgiven for thinking that this zeal was simply part of the new order’s intolerance for religion; after all, churches and mosques were often targeted, too.

But by 1919, the Yevsektsiya resolved at their annual conference that shutting down traditional Jewish institutions was insufficient. Their mission now was to destroy all Zionist activity—a category that extended from political organizations to sports clubs. Nor did the Yevsektsiya drag their feet. Within a few weeks of the conference, they had successfully raided the offices of every Zionist association in Ukraine and arrested all of their leaders. Elsewhere in the USSR, they arrested thousands more.

The Yevsektsiya’s next move was to destroy the Hebrew language in the Soviet Union, which they accomplished by shutting down all schools that taught Hebrew, regardless of their affiliation, and by harassing Hebrew-language artists like the renowned poet Chaim Nachman Bialik and the celebrated actors of the Habima Theatre, all of whom escaped to Palestine. Habimah fled during an overseas tour; Bialik, along with other important Hebrew writers, obtained exit visas as a favor from Bialik’s friend, the Russian author Maxim Gorky.

This anti-Hebrew strategy was designed by the Yevsektsiya leader Moyshe Litvakov, who was himself a former Hebrew writer and Zionist, and who was once known for his enormous personal library of Hebrew books. Litvakov was also the editor of Emes, a Yiddish-language version of Pravda, which frequently ran invented news stories of rabbis who were sexual predators. Eventually Litvakov would complain that Emes was “too Jewish.”

recommended by Leon Rozenbaum

The Yevsektsiya set up new Jewish schools with instruction in a Sovietized Yiddish with a literally anti-Semitic orthography, in which Yiddish’s many Hebrew-derived words were given new spellings that erased these words’ ancient origins. The schools, whose curricula included indoctrination on the evils of Zionism, were spearheaded by a Yevsektsiya leader named Esther Frumkin. A granddaughter and former wife of rabbis and a daughter of a Torah reader, Frumkin was also instrumental in the closure of remaining rabbinical schools in the USSR. When all this proved inadequate to convert the Jewish masses, the Yevsektsiya even staged show trials on the High Holy Days, in which “witnesses” appeared in costumes to denounce Judaism and Zionism. One such trial was held in the very same hall where Mendel Beilis, victim of czarist Russia’s last blood libel, had been tried less than 10 years before of murdering a Christian child and using his blood to make matzo.

For American Jews who have internalized their grandparents’ tales of Purim-style persecution, this litany of humiliation might seem almost boring—until we consider that it was all enacted by Jews. The Yevsektsiya leaders were scrupulous about making sure that this deluge of enmity came exclusively from Jews, so no one would mistake the new regime for an anti-Semitic one. On the contrary: this relentless campaign was entirely well intentioned, liberating the Jews from their own worst qualities. By their lights, the Jews of the Yevsektsiya were far better Jews than the ones they mercilessly hunted down.

Gitelman’s book doesn’t delineate the grisly ends of most Yevsektsiya leaders, because in 1972 little was known beyond the fact that they were “purged.” Twenty-five years ago, however, the opening of Soviet archives revealed the sordid details of each person’s fate—who by bullet, who by Siberian labor, who by torture, who by a prison hospital’s lack of insulin. (Gitelman and other historians have written many books in the years since, covering these details and much more.) At the time, one of my Yiddish teachers, musing on the Yevsektsiya’s short-lived reign, wondered aloud about what people like Litvakov and Frumkin were thinking as they languished in prison or suffered in gulags until their deaths. Did they ever feel remorse? Did they ever understand the enormity of their crimes?

Good questions, but now I have a different one. When my seventh-grade Hebrew-school teacher told me about those boys in the gymnasia of Judea, I was baffled as to why anyone would do such a thing. But now, as I consider them along with the Yevsektsiya’s purged leaders and so many others who made similar choices, I wonder something else: Did they ever, in their lives lived out in pain, find the integrity they so desperately wanted?


Dara Horn is the author of five novels, most recently Eternal Life.


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A BDS Defeat The New York Times Found Not Fit to Print

A BDS Defeat The New York Times Found Not Fit to Print

Ira Stoll


The New York Times logo. Photo: Wikimedia Commons.

Some of the most telling stories are the ones The New York Times doesn’t print.

In that category falls the recent decision of a section of the American Political Science Association to reject a resolution calling for a boycott of Israel.

Miriam Elman, a political scientist on leave from Syracuse University who is the executive director of the Academic Engagement Network, which opposes boycotts of Israel, wrote a Facebook post reporting, “The proponents of a discriminatory anti-Israel academic boycott resolution (and its accompanying obnoxious FAQ) experienced a colossal defeat.”

She wrote, “This spectacular fail needs to be advertised WIDELY, as we all know that BDS zealots will either try to bury it or spin this as some kind of remarkable victory”

“Bury it” was precisely the approach The New York Times took to the news.

lengthy Times examination in July of the movement to boycott, divest, and sanction Israel reported, “The idea has significant support, and may be gaining ground” and noted “votes by two faculty groups last year — the Association for Asian American Studies and the larger American Studies Association — for limited boycotts of Israeli academia.”

While Times readers were informed of the votes for boycotting Israel by two faculty groups, the subsequent decision by the political scientists not to boycott Israel was not reported by the Times.

There’s a structural bias to journalism encapsulated in the old newsroom saying, “write about the hotel that’s burning down, not the hotel that didn’t burn down.” So to some degree the decision by Times editors to emphasize the boycott votes that pass rather than the ones that fail may be driven by a general desire to focus on news that does happen rather than news that doesn’t happen.

But that’s the most generous possible face to put on what operates functionally as an anti-Israel bias. It’s hard to imagine the Times would have skipped the American Political Science Association story entirely if the BDS resolution had succeeded. It ends up being a double standard. It leaves Times readers a false impression that BDS “may be gaining ground,” when a more accurate impression is that it may be losing ground.

Ira Stoll was managing editor of The Forward and North American editor of The Jerusalem Post. More of his media critique, a regular Algemeiner feature, can be found here.


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Tam, gdzie Polacy ratowali Żydów, upamiętniajmy też Żydów, którzy zostali tam przez Polaków zamordowani

Tam, gdzie Polacy ratowali Żydów, upamiętniajmy też Żydów, którzy zostali tam przez Polaków zamordowani

Jan Grabowski


Profesor Andrzej Nowak (Fot. Jakub Włodek / Agencja Gazeta)

Prof. Andrzej Nowak, zabierając głos na łamach prawicowych mediów, oskarża historyków Zagłady o nienawiść, a “Gazetę Wyborczą” zestawia z propagandą hitlerowską. Za to gdy pisze dla “Gazety Wyborczej”, łagodnym tonem postuluje tolerancję, różnorodność i cieszy się z badań nad mordowaniem Żydów przez Polaków. Czy to jest ten sam prof. Nowak?

Z pewnym zdumieniem przeczytałem w tygodniku „Ale Historia” tekst prof. Andrzeja Nowaka z UJ „Jakiej historii Polacy dziś potrzebują?”, który – na prośbę redakcji – wyłożył swoje poglądy na polską historię i historiografię. Dlaczego zdumienie? Bo nie dawno, tuż przed ostatnimi wyborami, „Gazeta Wyborcza” ogłosiła na swoich łamach dramatyczny apel o zagrożeniu demokracji, jakim mogłoby stać się dojście PiS do władzy. Był to – jak dziś wiemy – proroczy (niestety) artykuł. Nie dla wszystkich jednak. Prof. Nowak był odmiennego zdania i określił tekst w następujących słowach: histeria nienawiści godna hitlerowskiego Stürmera”.

Śpieszę wyjaśnić, że „Der Stürmer” to jeden z najważniejszych tytułów propagandy hitlerowskiej, pismo znane z obrzydliwego, prymitywnego antysemityzmu. Jeśli później prof. Nowak przeprosił za wypisywane bzdury, to uszło to mojej uwadze. Tak czy inaczej, zdziwiłem się, że prof. Nowak chciał zabrać głos na łamach „hitlerowskiego Stürmera” i że „hitlerowski Stürmer” uznał za stosowne pytać o polską historię właśnie krakowskiego historyka. To był powód mojego pierwszego zdziwienia.

Jak zrozumieć prof. Andrzeja Nowaka?

Drugie wiązało się już z lekturą wywodów prof. Nowaka. Odpowiadając na pytanie redakcji: „Jakiej historii Polacy dziś potrzebują”, które było jednym z tematów XX Powszechnego Zjazdu Historyków Polskich autor wypowiedział się w duchu koncyliacyjnym, wręcz ekumenicznym. Potrzebujemy historii różnej, czyli różnorodnej, pomagającej nam spojrzeć na siebie z rozmaitych punktów widzenia – napisał. Któż mógłby się z taką tezą nie zgodzić? Nieco dalej czytamy: sprawdzianem [dla historyka] jest i chyba powinno być rzetelne dążenie do prawdy.

I tutaj tkwi przyczyna mojego zdumienia: czy to ten sam prof. Nowak, który kilka miesięcy temu na łamach prawicowego portalu „wPolityce” tak w ten sposób określił metodologię badawczą grupy polskich uczonych (do których należę) zajmujących się historią Zagłady: Nowa Szkoła Holokaustu” jest motywowana nienawiścią do polskiej wspólnoty narodowej.

Jak widać prof. Nowak, zabierając głos na łamach prawicowych mediów, lubi oskarżać adwersarzy o nienawiść. „Gazeta Wyborcza” wszczyna „histerię nienawiści”. Polscy badacze „są motywowani nienawiścią do polskiej wspólnoty narodowej”.

Nie będę się nawet starał zrozumieć jak profesor Nowak definiuje pojęcie „Volksgemeinschaft”, ale z całą pewnością nie widzę w tych wypowiedziach postulatów inkluzywności, tolerancji oraz otwarcia na „historię różnorodną, pomagającą nam spojrzeć na siebie z rozmaitych punktów widzenia” – o której tak ładnie ten sam autor pisze na łamach „GW”.

Czyżby wobec jej czytelników krakowski historyk używał tonu łagodnego, salonowego i wyrozumiałego, brutalną szczerość i rewolucyjną czujność rezerwując dla „swoich”?

Nie wiem i nie będę w to wnikał. W języku angielskim jest taki idiom: „to talk out of both sides of one’s mouth”, co dosłownie znaczy, że ktoś mówi co innego po przeciwnej stronie ust. Tego rodzaju refleksja nasunęła mi się podczas lektury tekstu prof. Nowaka. Ale na tym nie koniec.

Fałsz stracha na wróble

Porusza bowiem kilkakrotnie bliski mi wątek historii stosunków polsko-żydowskich. Czytamy w nim: Cieszę się, kiedy coraz dokładniej badany jest np. problem udziału poszczególnych Polaków w zbrodniach dokonywanych na Żydach podczas II wojny światowej i po niej. To bardzo ważny temat. Ale martwię się, kiedy badający ten watek oburzają się, ze ktoś inny chce studiować historie Polaków ratujących Żydów. Nie wykluczajmy się nawzajem. Powinno być miejsce dla każdego rzetelnego badacza – i na przyjmowanie wzajemnej krytyki. Chodzi mi także o to, że jeśli zgodzimy się na różnorodność historii, to unikniemy nudy. 

Przyjrzyjmy się tym przemyśleniom z bliska.

Prof. Nowak cieszy się, jak zapewnia, z badań nad udziałem poszczególnych Polaków w zbrodniach dokonywanych na Żydach podczas II wojny światowej.

To dobrze, bo tą tematyką zajmuję się od dawna i miło słyszeć, że badania tego rodzaju spotykają się z uznaniem wśród polskich konserwatystów.

Powiem więcej (być może przyczyniając się do zwiększenia satysfakcji prof. Nowaka), że w badaniach tych jest mowa nie tylko o „poszczególnych Polakach”, ale wręcz o ich szerokich rzeszach, nieraz biorących udział w zbrodniach na Żydach w sposób zorganizowany, masowy.

Natomiast druga część wypowiedzi jest dla mnie niejasna. Radość prof. Nowaka mąci fakt, kiedy badający ten wątek oburzają się, że ktoś inny chce studiować historię Polaków ratujących Żydów. Raz jeszcze odwołam się tu do pojęcia stosowanego w języku angielskim: „straw man fallacy” – czyli „fałsz stracha na wróble”. „Straw man fallacy” to mało wyrafinowana figura retoryczna, oparta na zbijaniu nieistniejącego argumentu rzeczywistego przeciwnika. Gdyż jako żywo nikt nie stawiał postulatu wstrzymania badań nad ratowaniem Żydów przez Polaków. W moich badaniach, tak jak w pracach wszystkich znanych mi przedstawicieli „Nowej Szkoły Holokaustu”, badanie zjawiska ratowania jest rzeczą zupełnie fundamentalnej wagi. Natomiast dla historyków Zagłady nie ulega wątpliwości, że zajmowanie się wyłącznie ratowaniem nie ma sensu, gdyż ratowanie było częścią bardziej skomplikowanej okupacyjnej rzeczywistości, której tłem i kontekstem było mordowanie i wydawanie Żydów. Strach ratujących wiązał się przecież przede wszystkim z nastawieniem sąsiadów, z wrogością otoczenia, z groźbą denuncjacji.

A wszyscy badacze są świadomi ewolucji postaw Polaków, którzy ratując np. znanych osobiście Żydów, potrafili przyłożyć rękę do wymordowania innych ofiar Zagłady.

Pisałem o tym w „Gazecie” wiele razy. Ważne jest to, że badanie zjawiska ratowania Żydów przez Polaków (o czym pisze prof. Nowak) w oderwaniu od zjawiska denuncjacji i mordów jest zajęciem w sam raz dla urzędników od historii zatrudnionych w IPN, ale na pewno nie jest czymś, co można zalecać historykom prowadzącym własne badania.

Polacy ratujący Żydów nie byli zjawiskiem powszechnym

O ile więc nikt nie wzywa do zaniechania badań nad ratowaniem Żydów przez Polaków, o tyle jestem gorącym (choć chyba jedynym) zwolennikiem moratorium na upamiętnianie tego zjawiska. Bo celem tego jest ugruntowanie w polskim społeczeństwie przekonania, że podczas okupacji ratowanie Żydów było zjawiskiem powszechnym i społecznie akceptowanym. Co jest po prostu kłamstwem. Zaczynając od „Dnia Polaków Ratujących Żydów”, który obchodzimy 24 marca, przez niezliczone wystawy, pomniki, monety, znaczki i filmy – bombardowani jesteśmy opowieściami o polskim altruizmie i bohaterstwie, o polskiej solidarności z ginącymi Żydami.

22 września minęła 77. rocznica likwidacji gett w Węgrowie, Stoczku, Sokołowie oraz w okolicy. Instytut Pileckiego – jedna z wielu instytucji realizujących politykę historyczną państwa – właśnie w tym dniu (jak można się domyślać nie przypadkiem), w pobliskiej miejscowości Nur, odsłonił pomnik Polaka, który został zabity za niesienie pomocy Żydom. Lecz właśnie ten dzień, w tej okolicy, jest tym jedynym dniem, który nie powinien być poświęcony upamiętnieniu polskiego bohaterstwa, lecz refleksji nad żydowską tragedią.

To nie jest kwestia debaty, to wyłącznie kwestia dobrego smaku oraz odrobiny wstydu.

Proponowałbym w tym miejscu moratorium na upamiętnianie – aż do czasu kiedy polskie społeczeństwo będzie w stanie otwarcie rozliczyć się z własną przeszłością. Do chwili kiedy będziemy w stanie przyjąć do wiadomości, że – jak pisał w swoim raporcie Jan Karski – Naród polski nienawidzi swego śmiertelnego wroga – ale ta kwestia [żydowska- JG] stwarza jednak coś w rodzaju wąskiej kładki, na której przecież spotykają się zgodnie Niemcy i duża część polskiego społeczeństwa.

Jeżeli jednak nikt nie jest w stanie powstrzymać napędzanej i finansowanej przez państwo maszyny do upamiętniania własnego bohaterstwa, to warto pomyśleć o wzbogaceniu narracji. Idąc tropem sugestii prof. Nowaka o potrzebie „różnorodnej historii” proponuję żeby w każdym miejscu, gdzie odsłaniany jest pomnik, lub pojawia się plakietka czy nazwa ulicy, poświęcona Polakom ratującym podczas wojny Żydów, równocześnie upamiętnić Żydów, którzy w tym miejscu, w tej miejscowości, przy tej ulicy, zostali zamordowani bądź też wydani Niemcom przez Polaków. Zapewniam, że znalezienie tego rodzaju informacji nie będzie wielkim wyzwaniem. W razie czego służę pomocą.


Prof. Jan Grabowski – pracuje na uniwersytecie w Ottawie, autor i współautor wielu publikacji na temat Holokaustu, m.in. wydanej w ub. roku monografii „Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski”.


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UN REPORT ALARMED BY GROWING ANTISEMITISM, CRITICIZES BDS

UN REPORT ALARMED BY GROWING ANTISEMITISM, CRITICIZES BDS

OMRI NAHMIAS,
JERUSALEM POST STAFF


Overview of the United Nations Human Rights Council is seen in Geneva, Switzerland June 6, 2017.. (photo credit: REUTERS)

WASHINGTON – The United Nations released an interim report by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief on Monday, in which he says he is “alarmed by the growing use of antisemitic tropes by white supremacists including neo-Nazis and members of radical Islamist groups in slogans, images, stereotypes and conspiracy theories meant to incite and justify hostility, discrimination, and violence against Jews.”

Ahmed Shaheed, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, is an independent expert appointed by the UN Human Rights Council. He submitted his report to the Human Rights Council in accordance with General Assembly resolution.

His report, which the Israeli mission to the UN called “unprecedented,” identified antisemitism from all sides of the political spectrum and called for action.

He raised rare criticism for a UN official regarding the BDS movement, writing that “international law recognizes boycotts as constituting legitimate forms of political expression and that non-violent expressions of support for boycotts are, as a general matter, legitimate speech that should be protected.” However, he stressed that “expression which draws upon antisemitic tropes or stereotypes, rejects the right of Israel to exist, or advocates discrimination against Jewish individuals because of their religion should be condemned.”

“The Special Rapporteur takes note of numerous reports of an increase in many countries of what is sometimes called ‘left-wing’ antisemitism, in which individuals claiming to hold anti-racist and anti-imperialist views employ antisemitic narratives or tropes in the course of expressing anger at policies or practices of the Government of Israel,” Shaheed added.

“In some cases, individuals expressing such views have engaged in Holocaust denial; in others, they have conflated Zionism, the self-determination movement of the Jewish people, with racism; claimed Israel does not have a right to exist and accused those expressing concern over antisemitism as acting in bad faith.”

“The UN system has a vital role to play in engaging with Jewish communities to combat antisemitism,” he concluded. “The Secretary-General should consider appointing a senior-level focal point in the Office of the UN Secretary-General with responsibility for engaging with the Jewish communities worldwide, as well as monitoring antisemitism and the response of the UN there too.”

Shaheed added that he identifies violence, discrimination, and expressions of hostility motivated by antisemitism “as a serious obstacle to the enjoyment of the right to freedom of religion or belief.”

“The Special Rapporteur notes with serious concern that the frequency of antisemitic incidents appears to be increasing in magnitude in several countries where monitors attempt to document it, including online; and that the prevalence of antisemitic attitudes and the risk of violence against Jewish individuals and sites appear to be significant elsewhere, including countries with little or no Jewish population.”

He found that these incidents have created a climate of fear among “a substantial number of Jews, impairing their right to manifest their religion,” and that “discriminatory acts by individuals and laws and policies by governments have also had a negative impact.”

“The Special Rapporteur stresses that antisemitism if left unchecked by governments, poses risks not only to Jews but also to members of other minority communities. Antisemitism is toxic to democracy and mutual respect of citizens and threatens all societies in which it goes unchallenged,” he added.

He urged States, civil society, the media, and the United Nations to follow “a human rights-based approach to combatting antisemitism,” and called for investments in education and training to enhance society-wide literacy about the different ways in which antisemitism manifests itself.

“We welcome the release of this unprecedented report on the subject of Antisemitism,” said Israel’s ambassador to the UN, Danny Danon. “The report reflects the organizational change toward Israel. The assertion that the BDS movement encourages Antisemitism is an important UN statement. As I have said many times, Antisemitism has no place in our society, and must be denounced everywhere and from every platform.”

Anne Herzberg, Legal Advisor and UN Liaison at the Jerusalem-based NGO Monitor said “This report marks one of the first times the UN has addressed the issue of antisemitism in any detail. The Special Rapporteur condemned the use of antisemitic tropes and denial of Israel’s right to exist by BDS activists.”

“Importantly, the Rapporteur also recommends the IHRA definition as a useful tool in combating antisemitism. Hopefully, UN bodies, particularly the Human Rights Council, will follow the Rapporteur’s lead by adopting IHRA and ending their promotion of antisemitic tropes and attacks on Israel’s legitimacy.”


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Seeking Unity, Israeli President Rivlin Hosts Gantz-Netanyahu Meeting

Seeking Unity, Israeli President Rivlin Hosts Gantz-Netanyahu Meeting: ‘A Shared and Equal Government Is Possible’

Barney Breen-Portnoy


Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Reuven Rivlin and Blue and White leader Benny Gantz meet in Jerusalem, Sept. 23, 2019. Photo: Haim Zach / GPO.

Israeli President Reuven Rivlin sought on Monday to break the political gridlock besetting his country, hosting the heads of the two largest parties in the Knesset for a meeting at his official residence in Jerusalem.

Following last week’s hotly-contested national election, the second in six months, neither Prime Minister and Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu nor ex-IDF Chief of Staff and Blue and White head Benny Gantz has a clear path to forming the next government.

While centrist Blue and White won more Knesset seats than right-wing Likud (33-31), Netanyahu holds a slight edge over Gantz in the number of MKs recommending him as prime minister (55-54).

The eight MKs from Avigdor Lieberman’s secular-nationalist Yisrael Beitenu party, as well as the 3 MKs from the Balad faction of the largely-Arab Joint List, did not recommend anyone, preventing either Gantz or Netanyahu from attaining a Knesset majority — 61 of the legislative body’s 120 seats.

Given the lay of the land, Gantz and Netanyahu will likely have to set up a unity government, with a rotating premiership, or there will be a third election early next year.

But the unity scenario is complicated by the questions of who would be prime minister first, which — if any — other parties would join the government and how potential indictments of Netanyahu in the corruption cases he is mired in would affect the arrangement.

On Monday, Rivlin told Gantz and Netanyahu, “The public does not want another election. They came out and voted, and now it is your turn. The responsibility for establishing a government falls on you, and the people expect you to find a solution and to prevent further elections, even if it comes at a personal and even ideological cost.”

“The current situation, where we have an interim government, is gravely harming Israeli citizens and our ability to address the challenges we face,” the president noted.

“A shared and equal government is possible,” Rivlin implored. “It can and it must express the different voices in society.”

“We have taken a significant step forward tonight, and now the first challenge is to establish a channel of direct communication between the sides,” he added.

Monday’s meeting included a period of time in which Gantz and Netanyahu were left alone to speak one-on-one.

Rivlin must decide in the coming days which candidate to first give the mandate to attempt to form a government. The president pointed out on Monday that his discretion regarding this choice was “even greater” than usual, as neither Gantz nor Netanyahu was backed by a Knesset majority.

Following Monday’s three-way sit-down, it was announced that negotiating teams from Blue and White and Likud would meet on Tuesday. Also, Rivlin invited Gantz and Netanyahu to return to his home on Wednesday for further talks.

A joint statement published by Blue and White and Likud said Gantz and Netanyahu had discussed “ways to advance the unity of Israel.”


Watch a video showing Gantz and Netanyahu arrive at Rivlin’s residence on Monday below:

בפתח פגישתם של נשיא המדינה, ראש הממשלה ויו”ר מפלגת הליכוד, ויו”ר מפלגת כחול לבן.

(צילום: עומר מירון, בן פרץ לע”מ)

Embedded video


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