Archive | June 2019

NO HOLDS BARRED: WITH AMIR OHANA, ISRAEL HAS A JUSTICE MINISTER AT LAST

NO HOLDS BARRED: WITH AMIR OHANA, ISRAEL HAS A JUSTICE MINISTER AT LAST

SHMULEY BOTEACH


I FIRST MET Amir nearly four years ago. I had heard that Israel had just sworn in its first openly gay member of Knesset to be elected in an open primary.

AT LEAST there is a new Justice Minister. (photo credit: REUTERS)

The events of the past few weeks have commented cynically on the Israeli political system. After a bitter and turbulent election season, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu seemed to have defeated rivals on both sides of the spectrum, and the State of Israel seemed ready to depart electoral processes for real government action. During the coalition talks, however, former defense minister Avigdor Liberman decided to cast himself as the wrench to ruin Bibi’s political plans. Out of options and less than two months after Israelis went to the polls, the prime minister initiated yet another round of elections.

Israel’s return to elections promotes the idea of a broken political system populated by politicians who are selfish, cynical and uninspiring.

Which brings me to my friend Amir Ohana, whom Netanyahu has just appointed justice minister.

Americans will never forget the cementing of American ideals in the addresses of Abraham Lincoln; nor the bold and fearless grin of Ronald Reagan in his confrontations with the Soviets; nor the vision-driven eyes of Bobby Kennedy, who some say took a bullet for Israel and whose assassination we marked last week. Moreover, no revisionist historian will ever erase the love and care that beamed forth from the eyes of Menachem Begin, nor the steel-set convictions showing through the war-wrinkled eyes of Rafael Eitan or Chaim Herzog.

These were men for whom the power of political life was a side effect. What drove them was a burning love for their people, an inextinguishable connection to their land, and an intrinsic attachment to the values of the states they served. These were the politicians who imparted hope and not cynicism; leaders who earned the fixed gaze of their followers and not the rolling eyes of their constituents.

I FIRST MET Amir nearly four years ago. I had heard that Israel had just sworn in its first openly gay member of Knesset to be elected in an open primary. I also heard that several MKs, critical of his being openly gay, had skipped his swearing-in ceremony. I blasted these MKs for offending a man who has given his life to the Jewish state.

Amir has spent 12 years in the IDF and the Shin Bet (Israel Security Service) working tirelessly to protect lives from those who would like to see Israeli streets run with Jewish blood. He also ran proudly with Likud, a party known for its warmth to religious communities and defined by potent Jewish pride. That Israel’s first openly-gay public representative would run with Likud, I argued, depicted not only Israel’s political openness, but also Ohana’s decision to use conviction and belief – and not power or popularity – as his own political engines.

Most impressive about the episode was Ohana’s calm response to it. He made no disparaging remarks and reacted not with anger, but with a suggestion: “With regard to the issue of LGBT rights,” he said, “it would be wonderful if their absence would continue.”

Moved by his story, I invited Amir to accept the Defender of Israel Award at our organization’s annual gala in New York City. He delivered a beautiful address: one that touched upon the American ideals of freedom and individuality, and the Jewish ideals of defending our communities, our country and our strong links with our past. All throughout, his voice reflected inner tones of love and authenticity.

In the years since, my respect for Amir – both as man and politician – has grown.

As a politician, Amir has shown himself to be built from the most inflexible moral fiber. When it was announced that the Diaspora Affairs Ministry would be distributing more than $20 million to American Jewish campus groups that do nearly nothing to defend Israel on campus, I struggled to find a partner in the Knesset would who co-write an op-ed with me demanding anti-BDS action from groups receiving Israeli financial support.

Few saw any political opportunity in taking on American Jewish giants Chabad and Hillel, especially over an issue few of their constituents were even aware of. But Ohana saw things differently. Israel and the Jewish people were inseparable, and to promote one while ignoring the other will ensure the failure of both. It was here that I saw a man moved to act by a personal search for truth and justice, and not by sticking his sails into the nearest and quickest political winds.

Another example came to the fore when Israel finally took the critical step of passing a law naming it as the nation-state of the Jewish people. It was Amir who led the team that drafted the bill, which finally provided a firm legal bond between the Jewish people, their government and their land. When, last month, a team of legal experts – among them a former Supreme Court justice – tried to disable the law with a clause on equality, Ohana struck back. Equality, Ohana insisted, would forever exist in Israel as it always has. But on the question of nationality, he simply would not budge. “To include equality in the law means that all nationalities are equal – but that is not the case. Israel is the national homeland of the Jewish people.”

I KNOW AMIR to be a man of humility and integrity; a warm and devoted friend. A few years ago, my children and I went to pray at the grave of Joshua, near Kifl Haris in Samaria. The tomb of Joshua – set in a place that is a death sentence for Jews to pray without an escort of hundreds of IDF soldiers to protect them – attracts die-hard pilgrims. Joining me and my family that night was Amir Ohana. On the way back to Jerusalem, Amir turned to me and asked if we could stop by a beautiful spring not far from the highway. We were surrounded by Palestinian villages, but Amir assured me that everything was safe.

Once we arrived, my children – I have nine, thank God – poured out of the van wondering why we’d stopped. Amir guided us toward some tables, before sitting atop one with an acoustic guitar that someone had brought along. What ensued was one of the most meaningful moments that my children and I have experienced in Israel: a member of Knesset singing classic Jewish hymns at the opening of an ancient spring in the heart of our homeland under a moonlit sky.

As Amir sang these songs, I realized his real influence. It is not – as it is with most politicians – held within his mind, his strength or in his skillfulness at political maneuvering. On the contrary, Amir’s highest credit is far simpler: It is his love – his love for his land, his love for his faith and his love for his people.

When Moses was told by God to choose his own justice ministers, he was given a rubric by which to select them. Absent from the list are law degrees and legislative experience – although, it must be mentioned, Amir has both. Also missing is a demand for academic brilliance, though Amir possesses this as well. What God does tell Moses is that he should appoint “men who fear God, trustworthy men, who hate dishonest gain.”

Integrity and purity of heart frames a true pursuer of justice. As Moses said, “Justice, justice shall you pursue.” Amir will no doubt pursue this double dose of justice.


The writer – “America’s Rabbi,” whom The Washington Post and Newsweek call “the most famous rabbi in America” – is the international bestselling author of 32 books, including his most recent, The Israel Warrior. He served as rabbi at Oxford University for 11 years. Follow him on Twitter @RabbiShmuley.


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Musimy walczyć z miłością do Żydów

Musimy walczyć z miłością do Żydów

  Malgorzata Koraszewska



Francusko-algierska aktywistka, Houria Bouteldja, podczas kongresu Islamskiej Komisji Praw Człowieka w Londynie (8 grudnia 2018) obwieściła, że walka z islamofobią wymaga walki z filosemityzmem, który jest rasizmem i narzędziem walki o białą supremację.


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Josima Feldszuh

Josima Feldszuh

Agata Korba


Josima urodziła się w 1929 roku. Już w wieku 5 lat rozpoczęła naukę gry na fortepianie. Pierwsze lekcje pobierała pod okiem matki, Perły (Pniny) z domu Richter, pianistki i muzykolożki pochodzącej z Czortkowa. Ojciec Josimy, Rubin Feldszuh (także Feldschuh, Feldschu, Ruben Ben-Szem), pisarz i działacz syjonistyczny urodzony w Buczaczu, pracował m.in. jako tłumacz przysięgły języków staroaramejskiego, hebrajskiego i jidysz.

Przed wybuchem II wojny światowej rodzina Feldszuhów mieszkała na stałe w Czortkowie. W Warszawie prawdopodobnie bywała okazjonalnie. Najczęściej przebywał tam  Rubin, który mieszkał w 1930 r. przy ul. Karmelickiej 11, w 1938 r. w mieszkaniu przy ul. Leszno 66. W listopadzie 1940 r., w ślad za rozporządzeniem gubernatora dystryktu warszawskiego Ludwika Fischera, Josima wraz z rodzicami znalazła się na terenie getta warszawskiego.

Według wspomnień Racheli Auerbach, kuzynki Rubina, która zimą 1940 r. zamieszkała z rodziną Feldszuhów na Lesznie, Josima mimo młodego wieku doskonale panowała nad fortepianem, wykonywała z pamięci utwory klasyków takich jak Chopin, Mendelssohn, Czajkowski, Mozart, Beethoven czy Bach, z lekkością przedstawiała własną ich interpretację.

„Słuch absolutny, niespotykana pamięć muzyczna, niezwykła zdolność uczenia się i ogromna sprawność techniczna. Do tego wszystkiego można było zauważyć u niej pierwsze oznaki świadczące o głębszym »wnętrzu«, o wrażliwości w przeżywaniu życia, bogatej emocjonalności”[1.1].

Josima pisała własne utwory, które znamy m.in. z notatnika zachowanego w zbiorach Instytutu Jad Waszem: Lament nad brzegiem rzekiPtak opowiadaPtasia ucztaWiejscy klezmerzyMelodia kropli wody czy Szemranie strumyka. Rachela Auerbach zapamiętała także kilka mazurków, kujawiaka, walca oraz pięć melodii inspirowanych pieśniami szabatowymi.

Jej talent szybko został zauważony przez zamkniętych za murami getta muzyków:

„Było to tak, że pewna pani Rabinowicz, śpiewaczka, która była u nas z wizytą, wzięła małą kiedyś ze sobą do »Salonu« na ulicy Ogrodowej, gdzie zbierali się śpiewacy i muzycy żydowscy i w każdy czwartek spędzali razem kilka godzin w otoczeniu dźwięków muzyki. Moja córeczka posłuchała tam gry pewnego pianisty i wygłosiła swoją surową krytykę, ku zdumieniu słuchaczy. Pianista, który dowiedział się o jej krytycznych słowach, wykrzyknął ze śmiechem, arogancko: – Jak jesteś taka mądra, moja mała, to sama zagraj lepiej! Mała usiadła do fortepianu i jej los został przypieczętowany. Wszyscy przerwali rozmowy, zamilkli, przestali się kręcić, we wszystkich pomieszczeniach »Salonu« zapadła cisza. Wszyscy obecni zgromadzili się i stanęli wokół fortepianu, a ich rozszerzone oczy i otwarte usta były oznaką niezmierzonego zdumienia. Kiedy skończyła grać jeden utwór, zmusili ją by grała dalej. Kiedy wróciła do domu przyszła razem z nią pani Rabinowicz i przekazała, że »Salon« postanowił jednogłośnie, iż »świat« musi koniecznie posłuchać gry mojej córki i że kilku pianistów zaoferowało się uczyć ją za darmo” – pisał w dzienniku Rubin Feldszuh[1.2].

Od tej pory Josima pobierała lekcje gry u najlepszych muzyków pochodzenia żydowskiego, m.in. u Hanny Diksztajn (Dickstein), przygotowując się jednocześnie do swojego pierwszego koncertu, który miał zostać zapamiętany jako jedno z najbardziej poruszających wydarzeń życia kulturalnego w zamkniętym getcie. Wybrano utwór – IX koncert fortepianowy Wolfganga Amadeusza Mozarta – oraz miejsce – salę „Melody Palace” przy ul. Rymarskiej 12. Już po pierwszej próbie dziewczynka zdobyła uznanie zespołu – 45 doświadczonych artystów występujących przed wojną w Filharmonii Warszawskiej, Operze czy orkiestrze Polskiego Radia, w tym Ludwika Holcmana, Mariana Neuteicha i Adama Furmańskiego.

Oto w sobotni deszczowy dzień, 15 marca 1941 roku, miało się odbyć sensacyjne wydarzenie – jedenastoletnia wtedy Josima zagra jako solistka z najlepszymi muzykami Żydowskiej Orkiestry Symfonicznej! Koncert przyciągnął tłumy; widownia niecierpliwie czekała na pojawienie się „cudownego dziecka”. W pierwszej części występu artyści zagrali Wesele Figara i Symfonię G-moll Mozarta oraz symfonię Niedokończoną Franza Schuberta. Następnie na scenę weszła Josima i zagrała IX koncert Mozarta.

„(…) znała ten koncert z taką precyzją i tak idealnie, że nie da się tego porównać z niczym. Każdy dźwięk był zapisany w jej krwi jakby grała go już podczas stworzenia świata”[1.1.2].

Zachwycona publiczność nagrodziła artystkę gromkimi brawami. Na bis Josima zagrała dwie kompozycje własnego autorstwa. Rubin Feldszuh wspominał ten dzień, jako moment w którym cała rodzina na chwilę zapomniała o wojnie, getcie i tragicznej sytuacji materialnej; urządzono przyjęcie dla nastoletniej artystki, jej nauczycieli, przyjaciół i rodziny. Gratulacjom, upominkom i zachwytom nie było końca.

„Kiedy zapytaliśmy, jakie są jej życzenia odparła ze zbytnią »skromnością«, że ma tylko dwa cele, być najdoskonalszą pianistką na świecie ale nie tylko wśród kobiet, lecz również największą wśród mężczyzn i po drugie, co jest dla niej jeszcze ważniejsze, tworzyć wielkie kompozycje jak jeden z największych twórców”[1.1.2].

Tuż przed rozpoczęciem Wielkiej Akcji deportacyjnej, Feldszuhowie otrzymali propozycję wyprowadzenia dziewczynki z getta. Nie skorzystali z niej obawiając się rozstania. 22 lipca 1942 r. Niemcy rozpoczęli wywózkę Żydów do obozu zagłady w Treblince. Rodzina pozostawała w ukryciu na terenie getta do stycznia 1943 r., kiedy cała trójka z pomocą łączniczki Emilki „Marylki” Rozencwajg (Szoszany Kassower) wydostała się na tzw. aryjską stronę i znalazła schronienie we wsi Pustelnik, koło Mińska Mazowieckiego. Jeszcze w getcie Josima zachorowała na zapalenie płuc, które w kolejnych miesiącach zostało zdiagnozowane jako zaawansowane stadium gruźlicy. Bliscy dziewczynki do końca wierzyli, że wyzdrowieje. Tak o ostatnich tygodniach życia pianistki pisała Auerbach:

„Należałam do tych żydowskich »aryjczyków«, którzy mogli poruszać się po mieście. Tak się złożyło, że w tym czasie poszłam dowiedzieć się o zdrowie Josimy. Zdążyłam już wówczas nawiązać kontakty po polskiej stronie.

Uznałam, że być może da się jeszcze umieścić Josimę w sanatorium dla gruźlików. Zamierzałam poświęcić temu całą swoją energię, powiedziałam, że stanę na głowie aby ją uratować!W sobotę, 17 kwietnia [1943], w wieczór święta Pesach i Wielkanocy, w wieczór wybuchu powstania w warszawskim getcie poszłam do lekarki, specjalistki od chorób płuc, która badała Josimę i która była także dyrektorką sanatorium dla chorych na płuca w Otwocku. Jej wyrok był krótki i jasny: Nie ma już czego ratować! Płuca Josimy są dziurawe jak sito.

Jej dni są policzone. Może przeżyje jeszcze tydzień a może i tyle nie…(…) Josima zmarła w środę, 21 kwietnia, w drugi dzień święta Pesach, trzeciego dnia powstania. W mieście, w którym snuły się dymy unoszące się znad płonącego getta, wstrząsanym hukiem eksplozji, drżącym od wystrzałów, przyniesiono mi wiadomość. Josima zmarła w malutkiej wiosce Pustelnik – dla mnie jej śmierć była śmiercią drogiej i podziwianej istoty, której życie zostało w pewnym sensie przerwane już tam, za murami tonącymi w krwawej mgle”[1.3].

Perła popełniła samobójstwo tuż po śmierci córki. Ciała obu kobiet już po wojnie zostały ekshumowane z tymczasowego grobu i złożone przez Rubina prawdopodobnie na cmentarzu żydowskim przy ul. Okopowej w Warszawie.

Rubin Feldszuh w 1945 r. wyjechał do Palestyny. Tam założył nową rodzinę, noszącą nazwisko Ben Szem (Ben Shem). Zmarł w 1980 roku.


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The Long Legacy of the Shoah in Scandinavia

The Long Legacy of the Shoah in Scandinavia

Shalom Goldman


Danish SS soldiers disarmed by resistance fighters in Copenhagen, 1945(Original photo: Wikipedia/National Museum of Denmark)

Within the Northern European countries that make up Scandinavia there has been a revival of active scholarship and popular interest into the treatment of Jews during World War II. The subject is very much alive in these countries and much more so than in other parts of Europe. In recent conversations with academic colleagues in Oslo and Stockholm I learned that in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway the most talked about books of the last few years were reassessments of the role each state had played in response to Nazi rule and to the persecution and murder of Jews.

To understand why these questions have once again riveted the Scandinavian reading public we need to look to the current refugee crisis in Europe. These reassessments of Scandinavian wartime actions are inspired by a consideration of current attitudes toward migrants and refugee policies in light of how each country responded to the presence of migrants and refugees in its past: episodes which did much to shape their subsequent national mythos. Between 2015 and 2017 the three nations admitted large numbers of refugees. Sweden had the most the most liberal policy and admitted close to 160,000 people. Norway and Denmark admitted far fewer: 30,000 in Norway and 20,000 in Denmark. The countries have varied how they have responded to the refugee crisis but in all three it has precipitated a shift to the political right and the enactment of migration restrictions. This shift to the right has exacerbated existing tensions between more conservative voters and the long-established Muslim communities in each country. And it is the sum of these tensions and the ongoing political battles they inspire that have led Scandinavian intellectuals—both liberal and conservative—to look back at their country’s attitudes and behaviors during World War II.

In 1940, Norway was conquered and occupied by the Germans and ruled by a collaborationist government led by Vidkun Quisling. From 1942 onward Jews were targeted for deportation, and by war’s end half of them had been murdered.

In Denmark, the Danes surrendered to the Germans in 1940 and were able to maintain a degree of autonomy until the fall of 1943, when the German army and the SS took over the country. Thus, until the fall of 1943 the Jews were more or less protected by the Danish people and their government. As the historian David Lampe noted, “Because of Denmark’s lack of racial prejudice, the Jews considered themselves safe, and practically none tried to get to Sweden until the fatal autumn of 1943.” Remarkably, this protection extended after the 1943 SS takeover and almost all Danish Jews were saved by evacuation to Sweden.

In Sweden, the government declared neutrality—and maintained it. Jews in Sweden were safe, and they endeavored to save their fellow Jews.

Historian Lucy Dawidowicz noted in her landmark 1975 study, The War Against the Jews 1933-1945, that in the German-ruled countries where Jews came directly under the rule of the SS (Austria, Poland, Russia, the Baltic States) their fate was sealed. But: “In other countries of Europe—those allied to Germany, the so-called neutrals, and those which, though invaded and occupied by the Germans, nevertheless retained some autonomy, the fate of the Jews depended on each country’s commitment to civic equality and on its historical treatment of its Jewish population.” Dawidowicz’s observation applies directly to the Scandinavian situation in which a given nation’s “commitment to civil equality” would be determinative. Let us see how this commitment worked or didn’t work in each of our three countries.

In Norway during the first two years of Nazi rule, Jews suffered few privations. But soon after the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, in which the Final Solution was articulated and planned, the aktions began. In November 1942, 540 Norwegian Jews were rounded up by local police and placed on the cargo ship Donau bound for the Polish port of Stettin. They were brought to the cargo ship by train. From Stettin they were sent to Auschwitz. Of these 540 people, only nine survived the war. In subsequent months another 1,500 Norwegian Jews were deported and murdered.

And what of the Norwegian resistance? A recent reevaluation of Norway’s role in the Shoah, What Did the Resistance Know?, by veteran journalist Martha Michelet, asserts that contrary to national myth and popular assumptions, some resistance leaders and fighters were indifferent to the fate of their Jewish fellow citizens. In 2018, Dagbladet, one of Norway’s major newspapers, dubbed it “the most important book of the year.”

According to Michelet, resistance leaders had news of the impending roundups and knew from German sources three months before the November 1942 aktion that Jews were to be deported. Michelet acknowledges that the resistance smuggled many Jews to safety in Sweden, but this leaves the question: What of those who were left behind, or were betrayed to the SS? Why didn’t the resistance work to save them? There is evidence that not all resistance members were committed to smuggling Jews out of the country and that some resistance leaders felt that whatever resources were available should be used to fight the German forces occupying Norway.

In Norway today, the resistance is celebrated in museums, novels, films, and history books. And any questioning of the resistance’s heroic reputation is not taken lightly. Michelet’s book challenges this consensus, and has generated considerable controversy.

According to Paul Levine, a professor of history at Uppsala University in Sweden, Norway acted like the Vichy regime in Nazi-occupied France.

“They implemented their own anti-Jewish laws, used their own manpower, confiscated property and discriminated against Jews before the Germans had demanded it,” Levine told the Reuters news agency. “Norway,” he said, “didn’t have to do what it did.”

It is only in the last few years that Norway has come to terms with its complicity in the deportation of 2,100 Jews. In 2012, on Europe’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, the Norwegian prime minister apologized for the country’s role in the Shoah and acknowledged, “Norwegians carried out the arrests, Norwegian’s drove the trucks and it happened in Norway.” In 2015 the Norwegian National Rail Company apologized for its role in the deportations.

Sweden was the only Scandinavian country that declared its neutrality, and to some extent managed to maintain it throughout the war. From 1933 onwards the relatively large community of Jewish Swedes (large relative to the other Scandinavian countries) urged their country’s government to accept refugees from German persecution. With the help of the American-financed Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Swedish Jews were very effective in this advocacy. Pontus Rudberg’s 2017 book, The Swedish Jews and the Holocaust, reveals new information about these efforts. Sweden’s Jewish community organization, which represented the nation’s 8,000-strong Jewish community, declared in 1938 that, “We will be judged in our own time and in the future by measuring the aid, that we, inhabitants of a free and fortunate country, gave to our brethren in this time of great disaster.” In the first years of the war the numbers of refugees Sweden welcomed was small. But after 1942, when the Danish and Norwegian Jews fled their home countries, almost all of them were accepted by the Swedish authorities and provided for by the Swedish government, the Jewish community and the JDC. It was the Swedish public at large, and not only its Jewish members, who welcomed the Danish and Norwegian Jews.

Rudberg addresses the claim made by some critics that the Jews of Sweden did not do enough to enable Jewish refugees to enter Sweden “because they feared that it would increase anti-Semitism in that country.” Previous research, Rudberg notes, tended to see the Swedish Jewish response to Nazi terror as “passive and overly cautious.” He refutes these claims effectively through the use of recently revealed documentary evidence, and concludes that, “in a number of ways Swedish Jews acted to aid their brethren throughout the entire period of 1933-1945.”  

In Denmark the Jews were protected by the Danish government and citizenry, and later by the Swedish government and people who sheltered them. On Oct. 3, 1943, when the Gestapo sought to round up all of Denmark’s 7,000 Jews and deport them by boat to Poland, the bishop of Copenhagen issued a protest and ordered it read in every church in the country. It said:

Wherever Jews are persecuted because of their religion or race it is the duty of the Christian Church to protest against such persecution, because it is in conflict with the sense of justice inherent in the Danish people and inseparable from our Danish culture through the centuries … Our different religious views notwithstanding, we shall fight for the cause that our Jewish brothers and sisters may preserve the same freedom which we ourselves evaluate more highly than life itself.

The bishop closed his letter with this justly famous exhortation: “We shall therefore in any given event unequivocally adhere to the concept that we must obey God before we obey man.”

A documentary produced by the U.S. Holocaust Museum, Rescue in Scandinavia, includes interviews with both the rescuers and the rescued, and features rare footage from wartime Oslo, Copenhagen, and Stockholm. In that film, a common sentiment among the rescuers is that they felt they had no option but to help the Jews; “common decency” dictated their actions.

But not all Danish Jews were saved from deportation. Over 400 were rounded up in the Oct. 3 aktion and taken to Theresienstadt. But because the Danish government persisted in its claim to the Germans that these Jews be protected, they escaped the fate of other Theresienstadt inmates, most of whom were sent to Auschwitz. From 1943 to 1945 the Danish Welfare Ministry kept track of the Danish Jews imprisoned in Theresienstadt and arranged for private individuals to send food and clothing parcels to those held captive. Thus, Denmark’s concern for its Jewish citizens transcended its borders. The word citizens is central here; the Danes refused to accept the German diktat that Jews be declared a foreign element in Denmark.

A fresh view of this singular rescue can be found in Danish journalist Bo Lidegaard’s book, Countrymen: The untold story of how Denmark’s Jews escaped the Nazis, of the courage of their fellow Danes—and of the extraordinary role of the SS Lidegaard argues that the Danes acted in their own interest as much as they acted in the interest of Denmark’s Jewish citizens. For the sake of their nation’s integrity and autonomy under German rule, Danish authorities refused to concede that Denmark was an undemocratic society in which a group of citizens could be denied the protection of its own government. What enabled them to get away with this to the extent that they did was Nazi race theory, which saw the Danes as “Nordic” and thus as a “superior race.” Denmark, according to Hitler’s wishes, was to be a “model protectorate.” The Danes cooperated with the Germans up to a point, and the Germans valued that cooperation. But at the persecution of its Jews, Danes drew a line they refused to cross.

As a child, I had heard of the rescue of the Danish Jews and was told the story of “the king of Denmark and the Jewish star,” an apocryphal tale about the Danish king, in defiance of the Germans, riding through Copenhagen every morning wearing the yellow star. Behind the myth, however, is an historical truth. The King did advocate for and represent the democratic integrity of the nation and its willingness to protect its Jewish citizens.

The story of the Danish rescue of the Jews has been told many times. What Lidegaard’s book brings to light is the very uncharacteristic behavior of the German authorities in the country. Not only was the German army seemingly ineffective and indifferent to their orders, but so was the SS. In occupied Denmark there was friction between the Wehrmacht and the SS and this friction may account for the almost peremptory attitude by authorities of the German army in response to orders from Berlin to deport the Jews. But documents uncovered by Lidegaard show that in the Danish case the SS itself was somewhat lackadaisical and passive, highly uncharacteristic behavior for that murderous organization. Speculating as to why this was, Lidegaard suggests that: “Even Hitler’s most trusted men, who were deeply engaged in the Final Solution’s murderous logic, were challenged by the occupied country’s clear rejection of this very logic.”

To return to historian Lucy Dawidowicz’s observation, the fate of the Jews in each European country not under direct SS control “depended on each country’s commitment to civic equality and on its historical treatment of its Jewish population.” Denmark’s commitment to civic equality, even under German rule, enabled that nation to save its Jews. As the rescued Jewish Dane Herbert Pundik put it in a 1994 interview, “We were saved due to the fantastic Danish sense of decency. The lesson is that individuals count. You can be a rescuer.” In a world that faces the greatest refugee crisis since World War II these are heartening words.


Shalom Goldman is Professor of Religion at Middlebury College. His forthcoming book isStarstruck in the Promised Land: How the Arts Shaped American Passions about Israel


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SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN PLANT TREES IN JERUSALEM

SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN PLANT TREES IN JERUSALEM

KKL-JNF


This special event, which brought much joy to the 120 children and their teachers, was made possible by KKL-JNF supporters in Germany.

Children with special needs plant trees for Tu Bishvat in Neve Yaakov, thanks to Friends of JNF-KKL Germany. (photo credit: YOAV DEVIR KKL-JNF)

Special needs children from various educational frameworks in Jerusalem went for a tree planting day in the city’s Neve Yaakov neighborhood. Participating in the event, which was made possible thanks to the support of friends of KKL-JNF from Germany, were 120 children, including some with physical disabilities, autism, blindness and mental and developmental limitations.

“It’s important for us that children with special needs do everything that other children do, and what is more typical of the Tu Bishvat time of year than tree planting?” said Hila Ziv, Director of the Jerusalem Municipality Special Needs Department (Tzamid). “The students really enjoy the connection to nature and to the land, and there is also the educational value of contributing to the community and to the environment, along with reinforcing the love of Israel. When the children give of themselves, they get a sense of satisfaction and improve their self-image.” The Tzamid department is responsible for culture, leisure and informal education for children and teenagers with special needs in Jerusalem, and acts with the goal of integrating them into all fields of activity together with the rest of the general public.

The day was organized by KKL-JNF Education Division  Director of Training and Educational Projects Dudu Ashkenazi, who has been responsible for activities with Tzamid over the past twenty years. “The children are given an opportunity to go out into nature and to the forest,” he said. “We sponsor various activities in KKL-JNF forests all year long, not only during Tu Bishvat. You can see in the children’s eyes what a great experience they’re having, and it fills me up with energy.”

Shamai Keinan, a member of the KKL-JNF Board of Directors and also a member of the organization’s educational committee, told the students about KKL-JNF’s work planting forests, building reservoirs and developing the country. He added that “for me, celebrating the tree planting holiday with special needs children is the most important of all our activities. You are demonstrating what love of Israel really means.”

The day began with game and activity stations, and the children learned by experience about Israel, its history, heritage and KKL-JNF’s part in its development. They located places on a giant map of the land of Israel, bounced a ball on a parachute with pictures of the country’s central sites, answered riddles as part of a game of snakes and ladders, and watched a demonstration of how a KKL-JNF firefighting truck works.


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